Jak moc se planeta otepluje?

The data from scientific measurements show that temperatures keep rising with increasing CO₂ concentrations, in line with the predictions.

The graph shows the trend in global temperature anomaly (deviation from normal) over the past 145 years.¹ Ever since around 1910, the world has been warming. It does not mean that every year is warmer than the year before – there is a natural variation, but the trend is clear. As of 2025 the top 10 hottest years on record were all the last 10 years (2016–2025).

In 2024, global warming has reached 1.47 °C relative to the pre-industrial era, according to NASA, and has even surpassed the 1.5 °C threshold according to other temperature datasets.² However, 2024 is just a single year. Taken as a five-year average, the world is currently (as of 2026) about 1.3 °C warmer than in the pre-industrial era – in line with climate model predictions.

What is a reference period?

Whenever we say how much the global temperature has increased, we need to be clear since when (i.e. what the reference period for that warming is). For example, 2024 was 1.47 °C warmer than the average temperature in 1850–1900, but only 0.78 °C warmer than the average temperature in 1981–2010 (because the later period was on average already 0.69 °C warmer than the former).

Climate scientists often use 1850–1900 as a reference period (also called “the pre-industrial era”). This term is not strictly accurate, because the industrial revolution had already been underway at that time. But the concentrations of CO₂ in the atmosphere were around 280–300 ppm back then, and Earth’s temperature was not yet affected by the strengthening greenhouse effect very much.

Any warming mentioned here is measured against this pre-industrial baseline, which is worth keeping in mind when comparing figures from other sources.

What is a temperature anomaly?

Because the Earth’s surface is varied, calculating a mean temperature raises both methodological and practical difficulties. Therefore, on a global scale it is more useful to talk about a temperature anomaly. Nevertheless, mean temperatures can also be useful – e.g. for smaller entities such as cities or small countries.

A global temperature anomaly for any given year says how much warmer the world is in that year when compared to the average temperature in the reference period. The global temperature anomaly in 2024 was 1.47 °C – meaning that year was globally (on average) 1.47 °C warmer than the global average of 1850–1900. This average masks large variations between warming in different regions of the world. All continents were even warmer than global average warming of 1.47 °C in 2024 (with Europe warming at roughly twice the global average rate), as warming above land (and in the Northern Hemisphere) is stronger than warming above oceans (See also: Global Map of Temperature Changes).

Footnotes

1. Dataset comes from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, The GISS Surface Temperature Analysis version 4 (GISTEMP v4). Dataset accessed 2026-01-22. ↩

2. Copernicus Climate Change Service set the global temperature anomaly in 2024 relative to pre-industrial period at 1.6 °C. Copernicus Climate Change Service (2025). Global Climate Highlights 2024. ↩